colorant
Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment)
Also known as: red ochre, haematite
A mineral-based red colourant whose main component is iron oxide. Sources describe it as used to colour Egyptian linen brown to dark red, and note that 'pigment' may be a more accurate term for it than 'dye'.
Theme: Glued on
Claims and evidence (7)
The limitations noted for some sources are recorded in Japanese only — see the Japanese edition.
Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) ・propertyIn a study of 12 red-coloured Pharaonic-period textiles/shrouds (New Kingdom to Late Period, British Museum and Museo Egizio Torino), red ochre was ranked as the most lightfast of the three identified red sources (red ochre, madder, safflower).contextual
Scope: Scope: the 12 samples examined, from the New Kingdom to the Late Period; the paper's own summary date range is ca. 1069-525 BCE, though individual samples in Table 1 range more widely (e.g. BM1: ca. 1500-300 BCE).
States red sources are, in increasing order of lightfastness, safflower, madder, and red ochre; the inorganic red ochre is not prone to deterioration.
Source: Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt （Diego Tamburini; Joanne Dyer; Patrizia Davit; Maurizio Aceto; Valentina Turina; Matilde Borla; Marie Vandenbeusch; Monica Gulmini, 2019） ・Abstract; §3 Discussion 第2段落 ・analytical ・ checked against the source by AI
analytical ・ 
checked against the source by AIRed ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) is found in Flax (linen fibre)contextual
Scope: The 2 of 12 samples identified as red-ochre-coloured (BM1, ME7).
States BM1 and ME7 were intensely red-coloured, but chromatography was inadequate for detecting these compounds because of their inorganic nature, whereas they were easily detected and characterised by the non-invasive approach.
Source: Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt （Diego Tamburini; Joanne Dyer; Patrizia Davit; Maurizio Aceto; Valentina Turina; Matilde Borla; Marie Vandenbeusch; Monica Gulmini, 2019） ・§2.1.2 HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF 第2段落; Table 2 ・analytical ・ checked against the source by AI
Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) is used in Flax (linen fibre)contextual
Scope: A general account of the history of red colouring in ancient Egypt.
States red ochre was apparently the earliest colourant for Egyptian linen (later wool too), with madder becoming an increasingly common alternative from roughly 1500 BC.
Source: Red cloth to protect the living and dead （Carolyn Graves-Brown (Egypt Centre, Swansea University), 2022） ・本文冒頭、"Colouring linen, and later wool, red in ancient Egypt seems first to have been done using red ochre"の文 ・practitioner's record ・ checked against the source by AI
practitioner's record ・ Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) is found in Flax (linen fibre)contextual
Scope: Presented as the finding of the cited study (Wouters 1990), not this source's own analysis.
Context: Citing Wouters (1990), states analysis found red ochre used on 12th-Dynasty linen (c. 1800 BC), pointing to the red mummy-wrapping linen of Khenmit and Ita at Dahshur as an example.
Source: Red cloth to protect the living and dead （Carolyn Graves-Brown (Egypt Centre, Swansea University), 2022） ・本文中盤、"Analysis shows red ochre was also used in the 12th Dynasty"の文 ・historical record ・ checked against the source by AI
historical record ・ Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) ・used inThis source, citing Tamburini et al. 2021 (Heritage Science), states that iron oxide was also used to dye the wrappings of votive animal mummies from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.contextual
Scope: Presented as the finding of the cited study (Tamburini et al. 2021).
Context: Citing Tamburini et al., states iron oxide also coloured votive-animal-mummy wrappings from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD (the running text misdates the citation as 2001, but the reference list gives 2021).
Source: Red cloth to protect the living and dead （Carolyn Graves-Brown (Egypt Centre, Swansea University), 2022） ・本文中盤、"Iron oxide was also used to dye votive animal mummy wrappings"の文 ・historical record ・ checked against the source by AI
Tapa (barkcloth) making includes Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) (as a class)supported
It states that the only inorganic pigment found by portable XRF was iron oxide. The 5 cloths where it was detected are attributed to Tonga (2), Samoa (1), Hawaii (1), and one uncertain between Tahiti/Hawaii — not predominantly Hawaii. The link to Hawaii's geology having red earth (ochre) is made only in the case study of one of these cloths (Hunterian E602).
Source: Colouring of Pacific barkcloths: identification of the brown, red and yellow colourants used in the decoration of historic Pacific barkcloths （T H Flowers; M J Smith; J Brunton, 2019） ・Results and discussion > XRF 節 ・analytical ・ checked against the source by AI
Samoa includes Red ochre (iron-oxide mineral pigment) (as a class)supported
It states that XRF analysis of a Samoa-attributed poncho-type garment found aluminosilicate, titanium and iron in its red and black areas, indicating the presence of an iron-based ochre pigment; elevated phosphorus in the black diamond-shaped areas may possibly indicate soot, though this is not stated as certain. It notes this cloth could not be sampled for HPLC analysis.
Source: Colouring of Pacific barkcloths: identification of the brown, red and yellow colourants used in the decoration of historic Pacific barkcloths （T H Flowers; M J Smith; J Brunton, 2019） ・Case studies > 「EBC 42861」節 ・analytical ・ checked against the source by AI